Abstract: guhuza ibikorwa byokwirinda nikibazo cyingenzi kijyanye numutekano wibikoresho byamashanyarazi, kandi buri gihe byitabweho muburyo bwose.Guhuza insulation byakoreshejwe bwa mbere mubicuruzwa byamashanyarazi menshi.Mu Bushinwa, impanuka yatewe na sisitemu yo gukumira igera kuri 50% kugeza kuri 60% by'ibicuruzwa by'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa.Ni imyaka ibiri gusa kuva igitekerezo cyo guhuza insulasiyo kivugwa muburyo bwa voltage ntoya hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura.Kubwibyo, nikibazo gikomeye cyane gukemura no gukemura ikibazo cyo guhuza insulasiyo mubicuruzwa neza, kandi bigomba kwitabwaho bihagije.
Amagambo shingiro: ibikoresho byo kubika no kubika ibikoresho bya voltage ntoya
0. Intangiriro
Amashanyarazi make ya voltage ashinzwe kugenzura, kurinda, gupima, guhindura no gukwirakwiza ingufu z'amashanyarazi muri sisitemu yo gutanga amashanyarazi make.Mugihe icyuma giciriritse gike cyane cyinjira mubikorwa, ahahurira abantu benshi, aho batuye nahandi, hashobora kuvugwa ko ahantu hose hakoreshwa ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bigomba kuba bifite ibikoresho bito bito.Hafi 80% yingufu zamashanyarazi mubushinwa zitangwa binyuze mumashanyarazi make.Iterambere ry’imashanyarazi ntoya ikomoka ku nganda zikoreshwa mu bikoresho, ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu nke, gutunganya ibikoresho n’ibikoresho Kubaka Ibikorwa Remezo n’imibereho y’abaturage, bityo rero urwego rw’amashanyarazi make rugaragaza imbaraga mu bukungu, siyanse n’ikoranabuhanga ndetse n’imibereho ya a igihugu kuva kuruhande rumwe.
1. Ihame shingiro ryo guhuza ibikorwa
Guhuza ibikorwa bisobanura ko ibiranga amashanyarazi biranga ibikoresho byatoranijwe hakurikijwe imiterere ya serivisi hamwe n’ibidukikije bikikije ibikoresho.Gusa iyo igishushanyo cyibikoresho gishingiye ku mbaraga zimirimo ikora mubuzima buteganijwe, hashobora kugerwaho guhuza ibikorwa.Ikibazo cyo guhuza insulasi ntikiva gusa mubikoresho ahubwo kiva mubikoresho ubwabyo.Nikibazo kirimo ibintu byose, bigomba gusuzumwa byuzuye.Ingingo z'ingenzi zigabanyijemo ibice bitatu: icya mbere, imikoreshereze y'ibikoresho;Iya kabiri ni ugukoresha ibidukikije, naho icya gatatu ni uguhitamo ibikoresho byo kubika.
1.1 imikoreshereze yuburyo bwibikoresho imikoreshereze yibikoresho ahanini yerekeza kuri voltage, umurima wamashanyarazi ninshuro zikoreshwa nibikoresho.
1.1.1 isano hagati yo guhuza insulation na voltage.Mu gusuzuma isano iri hagati yo guhuza ibikorwa na voltage, voltage ishobora kugaragara muri sisitemu, voltage itangwa nibikoresho, bisabwa urwego rukomeza rwa voltage, hamwe n’akaga ko guhungabanya umutekano n’impanuka.
Itondekanya rya voltage na overvoltage, flake.
A. imbaraga zikomeza imbaraga za voltage, hamwe na R, m, s voltage ihoraho;
B. umuvuduko mwinshi w'agateganyo, ingufu z'umuvuduko mwinshi igihe kirekire;
C by'agateganyo birenze urugero, hejuru ya voltage kuri milisegonda nkeya cyangwa munsi yayo, mubisanzwe ni ihindagurika ryinshi cyangwa ridahindagurika.
—— Umuvuduko ukabije w'inzibacyuho, mubisanzwe inzira imwe, ugera ku gipimo cyo hejuru cya 20 μ sTp5000 μ Hagati ya S, igihe umurizo wumuraba T2 ≤ 20ms.
—— Umuvuduko mwinshi pre overvoltage: umuvuduko ukabije w'inzibacyuho, mubisanzwe mubyerekezo kimwe, ugera kumpera ya 0.1 μ sT120 μ s.Umurizo wumurizo igihe T2 ≤ 300 μ s。
—— Komeza umuraba wimbere hejuru ya volvoltage: hejuru yumubyigano wigihe gito, mubisanzwe mubyerekezo kimwe, ugera kumurongo wimpanuka kuri TF ≤ 0.1 μ s.Igihe cyose ni 3MS, kandi hariho ihindagurika ryinshi, kandi inshuro yo kunyeganyega iri hagati ya 30kHz na 100MHz.
D. guhuriza hamwe (by'agateganyo, gahoro imbere, byihuse, birebire) birenze urugero.
Ukurikije ubwoko bwa overvoltage yavuzwe haruguru, imiterere ya voltage isanzwe irashobora gusobanurwa.
Relationship Isano iri hagati yigihe kirekire cyumuriro wa AC cyangwa DC hamwe noguhuza insulation bigomba gutekereza kuri voltage yagenwe, voltage yamashanyarazi hamwe na voltage ikora.Mubikorwa bisanzwe kandi birebire byimikorere ya sisitemu, hagomba gutekerezwa ingufu za voltage zo mu bwoko bwa insulation hamwe na voltage ikora.Usibye kuba twujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, dukwiye kwita ku miterere nyayo y’amashanyarazi y’Ubushinwa.Muri iki gihe ko ubuziranenge bw’amashanyarazi butari hejuru mu Bushinwa, iyo dushushanya ibicuruzwa, ingufu nyazo zishoboka zishobora kuba ingenzi cyane mu guhuza ibikorwa.
③ Isano iri hagati ya overvoltage yinzibacyuho noguhuza insulasiyo bifitanye isano nuburyo bwo kugenzura amashanyarazi arenze muri sisitemu y'amashanyarazi.Muri sisitemu n'ibikoresho, hariho uburyo bwinshi bwa overvoltage.Ingaruka za volvoltage zigomba gusuzumwa neza.Muri sisitemu yumuriro muto, ingufu zirenze urugero zishobora guterwa nibintu bitandukanye bihinduka.Kubwibyo, overvoltage muri sisitemu isuzumwa nuburyo bwibarurishamibare, byerekana igitekerezo cyuko bishoboka, kandi birashobora kugenwa nuburyo bwo kubara imibare niba kugenzura kurinda bikenewe.
1.1.2.Ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya IV kirenze urugero ni ibikoresho bikoreshwa kumashanyarazi arangiza ibikoresho byo kugabura, nka ammeter nibikoresho byo kurinda ibyiciro byabanjirije.Ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya gatatu kirenze urugero ni umurimo wo kwishyiriraho igikoresho cyo kugabura, kandi umutekano n’ibisabwa by’ibikoresho bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa byihariye, nka switchgear mu gikoresho cyo kugabura.Ibikoresho byo mucyiciro cya kabiri cya volvoltage ni ibikoresho bitwara ingufu zikoreshwa nigikoresho cyo gukwirakwiza, nkumutwaro wo gukoresha urugo nintego zisa.Ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya overvoltage I bihujwe nibikoresho bigabanya umuvuduko ukabije w'inzibacyuho kugeza kurwego rwo hasi cyane, nk'umuzunguruko wa elegitoronike ukingira birenze urugero.Kubikoresho bidatangwa na gride ya voltage ntoya, voltage ntarengwa hamwe no guhuza bikomeye ibintu bitandukanye bishobora kugaragara mubikoresho bya sisitemu bigomba kwitabwaho.
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Umuriro w'amashanyarazi ugabanijwemo amashanyarazi amwe hamwe n'umuriro w'amashanyarazi udahuje.Muri voltage ntoya, mubisanzwe bifatwa nkaho ari mumashanyarazi adahuje.Ikibazo cyinshuro kiracyasuzumwa.Mubisanzwe, inshuro nke ntigira uruhare runini muburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa, ariko inshuro nyinshi ziracyafite ingaruka, cyane cyane kubikoresho byo kubika.
1.2 ibidukikije bya macro byibikoresho bijyanye no guhuza ibikorwa hamwe n’ibidukikije bigira ingaruka ku guhuza ibikorwa.Uhereye kubisabwa mubikorwa bigezweho hamwe nibisanzwe, ihinduka ryumuvuduko wikirere hitabwa gusa ku ihindagurika ryumuvuduko wikirere uterwa nuburebure.Imihindagurikire y’ikirere ya buri munsi yirengagijwe, kandi n’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe nabwo bwarirengagijwe.Ariko, niba hari byinshi bisabwa neza, umuvuduko wikirere uzahindurwa ukurikije ibisabwa mubipimo, Izi ngingo nazo zigomba kwitabwaho.Uhereye kuri micro ibidukikije, ibidukikije bya macro bigena ibidukikije, ariko ibidukikije bishobora kuba byiza cyangwa bibi kuruta ibikoresho bya macro ibidukikije.Inzego zitandukanye zo kurinda, gushyushya, guhumeka hamwe n ivumbi ryigikonoshwa bishobora kugira ingaruka kubidukikije.Ibidukikije biciriritse bifite ingingo zisobanutse mubipimo bifatika, bitanga urufatiro rwo gushushanya ibicuruzwa.
1.3 ibibazo byo guhuza insulasiyo nibikoresho byo kubika biragoye.Iratandukanye na gaze, kandi nuburyo bwo kubika ibintu budashobora kugarurwa iyo bwangiritse.Ndetse nimpanuka ya overvoltage yimpanuka irashobora kwangiza burundu.Mugukoresha igihe kirekire, ibikoresho byokwirinda bizahura nibihe bitandukanye, nkimpanuka zo gusohora, Ibikoresho byubwishingizi ubwabyo bizihutisha gusaza bitewe nibintu bitandukanye byakusanyirijwe hamwe igihe kirekire, nkumuriro wumuriro, ubushyuhe, ingaruka zumukanishi nibindi ahangayitse.Kubikoresho byo kubika, bitewe nubwoko butandukanye, ibiranga ibikoresho byo kubika ntabwo ari bimwe, nubwo hari ibipimo byinshi.Ibi bizana ingorane zo gutoranya no gukoresha ibikoresho byokoresha insulente, niyo mpanvu ituma ibindi biranga ibikoresho byokwirinda, nkumuriro wumuriro, imiterere yubukanishi, gusohora igice, nibindi, bitasuzumwa kurubu.
2. Kugenzura guhuza ibikorwa
Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura guhuza ibikorwa ni ugukoresha ikizamini cya dielectric impulse, kandi indangagaciro za voltage zidasanzwe zishobora gutoranywa kubikoresho bitandukanye.
2.1 insulasiyo ihuye na voltage impulse yibikoresho ni 1,2 / 50 na test ya impulse voltage yageragejwe μ S imiterere.
Ibisohoka biva mu mashanyarazi ya impulse yo gutanga amashanyarazi bigomba kuba birenga 500 muri rusange Ω value Agaciro k’umubyigano wa impulse kagenwa hakurikijwe uko imikoreshereze yabyo, icyiciro cya volvoltage n’igihe kirekire cyo gukoresha voltage y’ibikoresho, kandi bigomba gukosorwa hakurikijwe ku butumburuke bujyanye.Kugeza ubu, bimwe mubizamini bisabwa gukoreshwa kuri voltage ntoya.Niba nta tegeko risobanutse neza ryerekeye ubushuhe nubushuhe, bigomba no kuba murwego rwo gukurikiza ibipimo ngenderwaho byuzuye.Niba ibikoresho bikoresha ibidukikije birenze urugero rushoboka rwo guhinduranya ibintu, bigomba gufatwa nkibikosowe.Isano yo gukosora hagati yumuvuduko wikirere nubushyuhe nuburyo bukurikira:
K = P / 101.3 × 293 (Δ T + 293)
K - ibipimo byo gukosora umuvuduko wikirere nubushyuhe
Δ T - itandukaniro ryubushyuhe K hagati yubushyuhe nyabwo (Laboratoire) na T = 20 ℃
P - igitutu nyacyo kPa
2.2 kubijyanye na voltage ntoya, AC cyangwa DC ikizamini gishobora gukoreshwa mugusimbuza impulse ya voltage ya test ya dielectric ya test ya voltage ya impulse, ariko ubu buryo bwikizamini burakomeye kuruta ibizamini bya voltage, kandi bigomba kumvikana nuwabikoze.
Ikiringo c'igeragezwa ni inzinguzingo 3 mugihe c'itumanaho.
Ikizamini cya DC, buri cyiciro (positif na negative) gikurikiranye voltage inshuro eshatu, buri gihe igihe ni 10ms.
Muri iki gihe Ubushinwa, mu bicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi biri hejuru kandi bito, guhuza ibikorwa by’ibikoresho biracyari ikibazo gikomeye.Kuberako hashyizweho kumugaragaro igitekerezo cyo guhuza ibikorwa byogukoresha insimburangingo ntoya hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura, ni ikibazo cyimyaka hafi ibiri.Kubwibyo, nikibazo gikomeye cyane gukemura no gukemura ikibazo cyo guhuza ibikorwa bya insulation mubicuruzwa.
Reba:
[1] Iec439-1 ibikoresho bya voltage ntoya hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura - Igice cya I: ubwoko bwikizamini nubwoko bwikizamini ibikoresho byuzuye.
Iec890 genzura ubushyuhe bwizamuka rya voltage ntoya hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura ukoresheje ubwoko bumwebumwe bwikizamini hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa extrapolation.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-20-2023