Abstract: Mu 1987, inyandiko ya tekiniki yiswe “ibisabwa kugirango habeho guhuza ibikorwa by’inyongera mu mugereka wa 1 kugeza iec439 ″ yateguwe na komite ishinzwe tekinike ya komisiyo mpuzamahanga ishinzwe amashanyarazi (IEC) 17D, yashyizeho ku mugaragaro ihuzabikorwa ry’imashanyarazi mu mashanyarazi make no kugenzura ibikoresho.Muri iki gihe Ubushinwa, mu bicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi biri hejuru kandi bito, guhuza ibikorwa by’ibikoresho biracyari ikibazo gikomeye.Kuberako hashyizweho kumugaragaro igitekerezo cyo guhuza ibikorwa byogukoresha insimburangingo ntoya hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura, ni ikibazo cyimyaka hafi ibiri.Kubwibyo, nikibazo gikomeye cyane gukemura no gukemura ikibazo cyo guhuza ibikorwa bya insulation mubicuruzwa.
Amagambo shingiro: Ibikoresho byo kubika no kubika ibikoresho bya voltage ntoya
Guhuza ibikorwa byokwirinda nikibazo cyingenzi kijyanye numutekano wibikoresho byamashanyarazi, kandi buri gihe byitabweho kuva impande zose.Guhuza insulation byakoreshejwe bwa mbere mubicuruzwa byamashanyarazi menshi.Mu 1987, inyandiko ya tekiniki yiswe “ibisabwa mu guhuza ibikorwa by’inyongera mu mugereka wa 1 kugeza iec439 ″ yateguwe na komite ishinzwe tekinike ya komisiyo mpuzamahanga ishinzwe amashanyarazi (IEC) 17D, yashyizeho ku mugaragaro guhuza ibikorwa by’imashanyarazi mu bikoresho bito bito ndetse n’ibikoresho byo kugenzura.Ku bijyanye n’imiterere nyayo y’igihugu cyacu, guhuza ibikorwa by’ibikoresho biracyari ikibazo gikomeye mu bicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi maremare kandi make.Imibare irerekana ko impanuka yatewe na sisitemu yo kubitsa igera kuri 50% - 60% by'ibicuruzwa by'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa.Byongeye kandi, ni imyaka ibiri gusa kuva igitekerezo cyo guhuza insulasiyo kivugwa muburyo bwa voltage ntoya hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura.Kubwibyo, nikibazo gikomeye cyane gukemura no gukemura ikibazo cyo guhuza ibikorwa bya insulation mubicuruzwa.
2. Ihame shingiro ryo guhuza ibikorwa
Guhuza ibikorwa bisobanura ko ibiranga amashanyarazi biranga ibikoresho byatoranijwe hakurikijwe imiterere ya serivisi hamwe n’ibidukikije bikikije ibikoresho.Gusa iyo igishushanyo cyibikoresho gishingiye ku mbaraga zimirimo ikora mubuzima buteganijwe, hashobora kugerwaho guhuza ibikorwa.Ikibazo cyo guhuza insulasi ntikiva gusa mubikoresho ahubwo kiva mubikoresho ubwabyo.Nikibazo kirimo ibintu byose, bigomba gusuzumwa byuzuye.Ingingo z'ingenzi zigabanyijemo ibice bitatu: icya mbere, imikoreshereze y'ibikoresho;Iya kabiri ni ugukoresha ibidukikije, naho icya gatatu ni uguhitamo ibikoresho byo kubika.
(1) Imiterere y'ibikoresho
Imikoreshereze yibikoresho yerekeza cyane cyane kuri voltage, umurima wamashanyarazi ninshuro zikoreshwa nibikoresho.
1. Isano iri hagati yo guhuza insulation na voltage.Mu gusuzuma isano iri hagati yo guhuza ibikorwa na voltage, voltage ishobora kugaragara muri sisitemu, voltage itangwa nibikoresho, bisabwa urwego rukomeza rwa voltage, hamwe n’akaga ko guhungabanya umutekano n’impanuka.
1. Itondekanya rya voltage na overvoltage, flake.
a) Umuvuduko ukabije w'amashanyarazi, hamwe na R, m, s voltage
b) Umuvuduko ukabije wigihe gito, ingufu zumuriro mwinshi mugihe kirekire
c) Umuvuduko ukabije w'inzibacyuho, hejuru ya voltage kuri milisegonda nkeya cyangwa munsi yayo, mubisanzwe ihindagurika ryinshi cyangwa idahindagurika.
—— Umuvuduko ukabije w'inzibacyuho, mubisanzwe inzira imwe, ugera ku gipimo cyo hejuru cya 20 μ s
—— Umuvuduko mwinshi pre overvoltage: Umuvuduko ukabije w'inzibacyuho, mubisanzwe mu cyerekezo kimwe, ugera ku gipimo cyo hejuru cya 0.1 μ s
——Komeza umuraba wimbere hejuru ya volvoltage: Umuvuduko ukabije wigihe gito, mubisanzwe mubyerekezo kimwe, ugera kumpera ya TF ≤ 0.1 μ s.Igihe cyose cyigihe kiri munsi ya 3MS, kandi hariho ihindagurika ryikirenga, kandi inshuro yo kunyeganyega iri hagati ya 30kHz
Ukurikije ubwoko bwa overvoltage yavuzwe haruguru, imiterere ya voltage isanzwe irashobora gusobanurwa.
2. Isano iri hagati yumuriro muremure wa AC cyangwa DC hamwe noguhuza insulasiyo bizafatwa nkumubyigano wapimwe, voltage yamashanyarazi hamwe na voltage ikora.Mubikorwa bisanzwe kandi birebire byimikorere ya sisitemu, hagomba gutekerezwa ingufu za voltage zo mu bwoko bwa insulation hamwe na voltage ikora.Usibye kuba twujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, dukwiye kurushaho kwita ku miterere nyayo y’amashanyarazi y’Ubushinwa.Muri iki gihe ko ubuziranenge bw’amashanyarazi butari hejuru mu Bushinwa, iyo dushushanya ibicuruzwa, ingufu nyazo zishoboka zishobora kuba ingenzi cyane mu guhuza ibikorwa.
Isano iri hagati ya overvoltage yinzibacyuho hamwe no guhuza insulasiyo bifitanye isano nuburyo bwo kugenzura amashanyarazi arenze urugero muri sisitemu y'amashanyarazi.Muri sisitemu n'ibikoresho, hariho uburyo bwinshi bwa overvoltage.Ingaruka za volvoltage zigomba gusuzumwa neza.Muri sisitemu yumuriro muto, ingufu zirenze urugero zishobora guterwa nibintu bitandukanye bihinduka.Kubwibyo, overvoltage muri sisitemu isuzumwa nuburyo bwibarurishamibare, byerekana igitekerezo cyuko bishoboka, kandi birashobora kugenwa nuburyo bwo kubara imibare niba kugenzura kurinda bikenewe.
2. Icyiciro kirenze urugero cyibikoresho
Ukurikije uko ibikoresho byifashe, urwego rurerure rwumubyigano urwego rukenewe ruzagabanywa mu cyiciro cya IV n’icyiciro kirenze urugero cy’ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi ya gride ntoya.Ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya IV kirenze urugero ni ibikoresho bikoreshwa kumashanyarazi arangiza ibikoresho byo kugabura, nka ammeter nibikoresho byo kurinda ibyiciro byabanjirije.Ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya III birenze urugero ni umurimo wo kwishyiriraho igikoresho cyo kugabura, kandi umutekano n’ibisabwa by’ibikoresho bigomba kuba byujuje ibyangombwa byihariye, nka switchgear mu gikoresho cyo kugabura.Ibikoresho byo mucyiciro cya kabiri cya volvoltage ni ibikoresho bitwara ingufu zikoreshwa nigikoresho cyo gukwirakwiza, nkumutwaro wo gukoresha urugo nintego zisa.Ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro cya overvoltage I bihujwe nibikoresho bigabanya umuvuduko ukabije w'inzibacyuho kugeza kurwego rwo hasi cyane, nk'umuzunguruko wa elegitoronike ukingira birenze urugero.Kubikoresho bidatangwa na gride ya voltage ntoya, voltage ntarengwa hamwe no guhuza bikomeye ibintu bitandukanye bishobora kugaragara mubikoresho bya sisitemu bigomba kwitabwaho.
Iyo ibikoresho bigomba gukora mubihe byurwego rwohejuru rwikirenga, kandi ibikoresho ubwabyo bidafite ibyangombwa byemewe byemewe, hazafatwa ingamba zo kugabanya umuvuduko mwinshi aho hantu, kandi harashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bukurikira.
a) Kurenza igikoresho cyo gukingira voltage
b) Impinduka hamwe no guhinduranya wenyine
c) Sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amashami menshi hamwe nogukwirakwiza kwimura kunyura mumashanyarazi
d) Ubushobozi bushobora gukurura ingufu zirenze urugero
e) Igikoresho cyo kumanura gishobora gukuramo ingufu zirenze urugero
3. Umuriro w'amashanyarazi n'inshuro
Umuriro w'amashanyarazi ugabanijwemo amashanyarazi amwe hamwe n'umuriro w'amashanyarazi udahuje.Muri voltage ntoya, mubisanzwe bifatwa nkaho ari mumashanyarazi adahuje.Ikibazo cyinshuro kiracyasuzumwa.Mubisanzwe, inshuro nke ntigira uruhare runini muburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa, ariko inshuro nyinshi ziracyafite ingaruka, cyane cyane kubikoresho byo kubika.
(2) Isano iri hagati yo guhuza ibikorwa byimiterere nibidukikije
Ibidukikije bya macro aho ibikoresho biherereye bigira ingaruka kubikorwa byo guhuza ibikorwa.Uhereye kubisabwa mubikorwa bifatika hamwe nibisanzwe, ihinduka ryumuvuduko wikirere hitabwa gusa ku ihindagurika ryumuvuduko wikirere uterwa nubutumburuke.Imihindagurikire y’ikirere ya buri munsi yirengagijwe, kandi n’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe nabwo bwarirengagijwe.Ariko, niba hari byinshi bisabwa neza, ibi bintu bigomba gusuzumwa.Uhereye kuri micro ibidukikije, ibidukikije bya macro bigena ibidukikije, ariko ibidukikije bishobora kuba byiza cyangwa bibi kuruta ibikoresho bya macro ibidukikije.Inzego zitandukanye zo kurinda, gushyushya, guhumeka hamwe n ivumbi ryigikonoshwa bishobora kugira ingaruka kubidukikije.Ibidukikije biciriritse bifite ingingo zisobanutse mubipimo bifatika.Reba Imbonerahamwe 1, itanga ishingiro ryo gushushanya ibicuruzwa.
(3) Guhuza ibikorwa byo gukumira no kubika ibikoresho
Ikibazo cyo kubika ibikoresho biragoye cyane, bitandukanye na gaze, ni uburyo bwo kubika ibintu bidashobora kugarurwa bimaze kwangirika.Ndetse nimpanuka ya overvoltage yimpanuka irashobora kwangiza burundu.Mugukoresha igihe kirekire, ibikoresho byokwirinda bizahura nibihe bitandukanye, nkimpanuka zo gusohora, nibindi kandi ibikoresho byubwishingizi ubwabyo biterwa nibintu bitandukanye byegeranijwe mugihe kirekire, nkumuriro wumuriro Ubushyuhe, ingaruka zumukanishi nizindi mpungenge bizihuta inzira yo gusaza.Kubikoresho byo kubika, bitewe nubwoko butandukanye, ibiranga ibikoresho byo kubika ntabwo ari bimwe, nubwo hari ibipimo byinshi.Ibi bizana ingorane zo gutoranya no gukoresha ibikoresho byokoresha insulente, niyo mpanvu ituma ibindi biranga ibikoresho byokwirinda, nkumuriro wumuriro, imiterere yubukanishi, gusohora igice, nibindi, bitasuzumwa kurubu.Ingaruka z’imihangayiko yavuzwe haruguru ku bikoresho byo gukumira zaganiriweho mu bitabo bya IEC, zishobora kugira uruhare runini mu gushyira mu bikorwa, ariko ntibishoboka gukora ubuyobozi bwuzuye.Kugeza ubu, hari ibicuruzwa byinshi byamashanyarazi bikoresha ingufu zikoreshwa nkibipimo ngenderwaho byo kubika ibikoresho, bigereranywa na CTI agaciro kerekana ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso, bishobora kugabanywamo amatsinda atatu nubwoko bune, hamwe no kurwanya ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso PTI.Ikimenyetso cyo kumeneka gikoreshwa mugukora ibisohoka mu guta amazi yanduye hejuru yibikoresho.Kugereranya kwinshi gutangwa.
Umubare munini wibipimo byakoreshejwe mugushushanya ibicuruzwa.
3. Kugenzura guhuza ibikorwa
Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura guhuza ibikorwa ni ugukoresha ikizamini cya dielectric impulse, kandi indangagaciro za voltage zidasanzwe zishobora gutoranywa kubikoresho bitandukanye.
1. Kugenzura ihuzabikorwa ryibikoresho hamwe nikizamini cya voltage impulse
1.2 / 50 yumurongo wa impulse ya voltage μ S imiterere yumuraba.
Ibisohoka biva mu mashanyarazi ya impulse yo gutanga amashanyarazi bigomba kuba birenga 500 muri rusange Ω value Agaciro k’umubyigano wa impulse kagenwa hakurikijwe uko imikoreshereze yabyo, icyiciro cya volvoltage n’igihe kirekire cyo gukoresha voltage y’ibikoresho, kandi bigomba gukosorwa hakurikijwe ku butumburuke bujyanye.Kugeza ubu, bimwe mubizamini bisabwa gukoreshwa kuri voltage ntoya.Niba nta tegeko risobanutse neza ryerekeye ubushuhe nubushuhe, bigomba no kuba murwego rwo gukurikiza ibipimo ngenderwaho byuzuye.Niba ibikoresho bikoresha ibidukikije birenze urugero rushoboka rwo guhinduranya ibintu, bigomba gufatwa nkibikosowe.Isano yo gukosora hagati yumuvuduko wikirere nubushyuhe nuburyo bukurikira:
K = P / 101.3 × 293 (Δ T ＋ 293)
K - ibipimo byo gukosora umuvuduko wikirere nubushyuhe
Δ T - itandukaniro ryubushyuhe K hagati yubushyuhe nyabwo (Laboratoire) na T = 20 ℃
P - igitutu nyacyo kPa
2. Ikizamini cya dielectric yubundi buryo bwa voltage impulse
Kubijyanye na voltage ntoya, AC cyangwa DC ikizamini gishobora gukoreshwa aho kugerageza impulse ya voltage, ariko ubu buryo bwikizamini burakomeye kuruta ibizamini bya voltage, kandi bigomba kumvikana nuwabikoze.
Ikiringo c'igeragezwa ni inzinguzingo 3 mugihe c'itumanaho.
Ikizamini cya DC, buri cyiciro (positif na negative) gikurikiranye voltage inshuro eshatu, buri gihe igihe ni 10ms.
1. Kumenya kurenza urugero.
2. Huza no kumenya kwihanganira voltage.
3. Kugena urwego rwabigenewe.
4. Uburyo rusange bwo guhuza ibikorwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-20-2023